Pinus torreyana / Torrey pine

subgenus Pinus, section Trifoliae (Duhamel), subsection Sabinianae (Loudon).

Pinus torreyana, as described in 1855 by Charles Christopher Parry (1823–1890) ex Elie-Abel Carrière (1818–1896), in Traité Général des Conifères, is commonly known as Torrey pine, or Soledad, lone or Del Mar pine. The species name honors John Torrey (1796 - 1873), the American botanist to whom Charles Perry sent the original herbarium specimens with accompanying descriptions for publication.

Ethnobotany. The pine nuts were an important food for the Kumeyaay tribe and the Chumash nations of indigenous American people. Pinus torreyana has been considered as a plantation tree for forestry use in Australia, New Zealand and Kenya. Under cultivation, on richer soils with higher rainfall or supplemental irrigation, the Torrey pine is capable of fast growth to a large size.

Description. Torrey pine is an evergreen, coniferous species of tree that grows to mature heights of 50 feet (15 m) with a naturally crooked and leaning trunk up to 40 inches (100 cm), in diameter, measured at breast height; but tall and straight in planted stands and ornamentals; crown is rounded to flattened and irregular.

• Bark is red-brown to purple-red in color, and deeply furrowed with irregular, elongate, flat, scaly ridges.
• Branches grow irregularly, spreading-ascending, resembling a candelabra. Leaves clustered near branch tips, giving a tufted appearance.
• Twigs are stout, measuring 0.4 to 0.8 inch (1 - 2 cm) thick, green in color when young, aging deep gray-brown, with a rough texture.
• Leaves (needles) are mostly borne 5 per fascicle, growing ascending or spreading, persisting 3-4 years on the tree. Individual needles measure 8 to 12 inches (20 - 30 cm), by 0.08 inch (2 mm) thick, growing straight or curved, with a slight twist, colored dark green, with all surfaces bearing fine stomatal lines, serrulate margins, and an abruptly acute apex.
• Foliar sheaths measuring up to 0.8 inch (2 cm) long; shed early with a persistent base.
• Foliar buds are conically ovoid shaped, pale brown in color, and up to 1 inch (2.5 cm) long with white-fringed scale margins.
• Pollen cones are ovoid shaped, 0.8 to 1.2 inches (20 - 30 mm) long, and yellow in color.
• Seed Cones are borne lateral on the shoots, attached by 1.6-inch long peduncles. They are massive, heavy, and symmetrically ovoid before opening; and broadly ovoid when open. Individual cones measure 4 to 6 inches (10 - 15 cm) long, lustrous yellow- to red-brown in color; maturing in 3 years, shedding seeds soon thereafter, and persisting up to 5 years on the tree.
• Cone scales have thick, angulately dome-shaped apophyses, with 5 low convergent keels. Umbos are central, forming a short, curved-tipped pyramid.
• Seeds are narrowly obovoid shaped, with a brown (apically dark brown), 0.64 to 0.96 inch (16 - 24 mm) long body; attached wings are broad, with a oblique tip, up to (0.6 inch (15 mm) long.

Distribution. This species is native to USA — California — the Pacific coast at Del Mar in San Diego County, and the east end of Santa Rosa Island with Channel Islands National Park, growing from immediately above the high tide mark to about 600 feet (180 m) above sea level on rocky or sandy slopes. On these sites it seems dependent on the daily fog that comes in from the ocean in the afternoon, mitigating the heat of the sun and the resulting excessive evapo-transpiration. It grows with a sparse chaparral and few other trees; in ravines sometimes accompanied by a few oaks (Quercus sp.) and Arbutus menziesii.

Hardy to USDA Zone 8 — cold hardiness limit between 10° and 20°F (-12.1° and -6.7°C).

Attribution from: R. Kral; Pinus. Flora of North America Editorial Committee (editors.); Flora of North America North of Mexico, Vol. 2. ©1993, Oxford University Press.